Los Diez Mandamientos
Los Diez Mandamientos están escritos en el capítulo 20 de Éxodo y en el capítulo 5 de Deuteronomio. El Antiguo Testamento los llama «las palabras de la alianza» (Ex. 34:28) y «las diez palabras» (Ex. 34:28; Dt. 4:13); el Nuevo Testamento los llama «los mandamientos», en griego ἐντολαί (Mt. 19:17; Ro. 13:9). Hoy se los llama a menudo el Decálogo, del griego δέκα λόγοι, «diez palabras».
Los dos textos de los Diez Mandamientos son en esencia iguales, pero dan razones distintas para el mandamiento del día del reposo: en Éxodo se apoya en la creación del mundo, en Deuteronomio, en la liberación de Israel de la esclavitud en Egipto.
En el Nuevo Testamento, Jesús y los apóstoles se refieren a estos mandamientos más de una vez, a todos menos al mandamiento del día del reposo. Hablan sobre todo de cumplirlos por dentro y no solo por fuera, y destacan dos exigencias principales: el amor a Dios y el amor al prójimo.
Éxodo y Deuteronomio
“I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
“You shall have no other gods before me.
“You shall not make for yourselves an idol, nor any image of anything that is in the heavens above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: you shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me, and showing loving kindness to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
“You shall not misuse the name of the LORD20:7 LORD or GOD in all caps is from the Hebrew יהוה Yahweh except when otherwise noted as being from the short form יה Yah. your God,20:7 or, You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who misuses his name.
“Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. You shall labour six days, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. You shall not do any work in it, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates; for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day, and made it holy.
“Honour your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the LORD your God gives you.
“You shall not murder.
“You shall not commit adultery.
“You shall not steal.
“You shall not give false testimony against your neighbour.
“You shall not covet your neighbour’s house. You shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbour’s.”
“I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
“You shall have no other gods before me.
“You shall not make a carved image for yourself—any likeness of what is in heaven above, or what is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me and showing loving kindness to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
“You shall not misuse the name of the LORD5:11 LORD or GOD in all caps is from the Hebrew יהוה Yahweh except when otherwise noted as being from the short form יה Yah. your God;5:11 or, You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who misuses his name.
“Observe the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, as the LORD your God commanded you. You shall labour six days, and do all your work; but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God, in which you shall not do any work—neither you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your ox, nor your donkey, nor any of your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates; that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you. You shall remember that you were a servant in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God brought you out of there by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm. Therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day.
“Honour your father and your mother, as the LORD your God commanded you, that your days may be long and that it may go well with you in the land which the LORD your God gives you.
“You shall not murder.
“You shall not commit adultery.
“You shall not steal.
“You shall not give false testimony against your neighbour.
“You shall not covet your neighbour’s wife. Neither shall you desire your neighbour’s house, his field, or his male servant, or his female servant, his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbour’s.”
Cómo se numeran los mandamientos
El texto contiene más de diez preceptos, y hay más de una manera de dividirlo en diez mandamientos. La tabla muestra qué número tiene cada pasaje en cada tradición; un guion significa que el pasaje no se cuenta entre los mandamientos, y «pre.» marca el preámbulo: no tiene número propio, pero se considera parte de los Diez Mandamientos.
| Texto | Éxodo | Deuteronomio | Septuaginta | Talmud | Agustín | Filón | Católicos | Luteranos | Reformados |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| «Yo soy JEHOVÁ tu Dios…» | 20:2 | 5:6 | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | pre. |
| «No tendrás dioses ajenos delante de mí» | 20:3 | 5:7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| «No te harás imagen…» | 20:4–6 | 5:8–10 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | 2 |
| «No tomarás el nombre de Jehová tu Dios en vano…» | 20:7 | 5:11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| «Acordarte has del día del reposo…» (en Deuteronomio, «Guardarás el día del reposo…») | 20:8–11 | 5:12–15 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| «Honra á tu padre y á tu madre…» | 20:12 | 5:16 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| «No matarás» | 20:13 | 5:17 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| «No cometerás adulterio» | 20:14 | 5:18 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| «No hurtarás» | 20:15 | 5:19 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| «No hablarás contra tu prójimo falso testimonio…» | 20:16 | 5:20 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
| «No codiciarás la casa de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| «No codiciarás la mujer de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| «…ni su siervo, ni su criada… ni cosa alguna de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
- Septuaginta: la traducción griega del Antiguo Testamento. Su división la siguen hoy la Iglesia ortodoxa y la mayoría de las iglesias protestantes, salvo los luteranos.
- Talmud: en la tradición judía el primer mandamiento es el preámbulo, «Yo soy Jehová tu Dios…».
- San Agustín sigue la tradición judía, pero no cuenta el preámbulo como mandamiento y divide en dos el último mandamiento, «No codiciarás», según el orden de las palabras en Deuteronomio.
- Filón de Alejandría divide el texto como la Septuaginta, pero pone «No matarás» y «No cometerás adulterio» en el orden contrario.
- La Iglesia católica sigue la división de Agustín, pero cuenta el preámbulo como parte del primer mandamiento.
- Los luteranos siguen la división de Agustín sin la prohibición de las imágenes y toman como base el texto de Éxodo.
- Las iglesias reformadas siguen la división de la Septuaginta; se considera que el preámbulo es una parte necesaria de los Diez Mandamientos y siempre se dice junto con ellos.