Los Diez Mandamientos
Los Diez Mandamientos están escritos en el capítulo 20 de Éxodo y en el capítulo 5 de Deuteronomio. El Antiguo Testamento los llama «las palabras de la alianza» (Ex. 34:28) y «las diez palabras» (Ex. 34:28; Dt. 4:13); el Nuevo Testamento los llama «los mandamientos», en griego ἐντολαί (Mt. 19:17; Ro. 13:9). Hoy se los llama a menudo el Decálogo, del griego δέκα λόγοι, «diez palabras».
Los dos textos de los Diez Mandamientos son en esencia iguales, pero dan razones distintas para el mandamiento del día del reposo: en Éxodo se apoya en la creación del mundo, en Deuteronomio, en la liberación de Israel de la esclavitud en Egipto.
En el Nuevo Testamento, Jesús y los apóstoles se refieren a estos mandamientos más de una vez, a todos menos al mandamiento del día del reposo. Hablan sobre todo de cumplirlos por dentro y no solo por fuera, y destacan dos exigencias principales: el amor a Dios y el amor al prójimo.
Éxodo y Deuteronomio
I am Hashem Eloheicha, Who brought thee out of Eretz Mitzrayim, out of the bais avadim (house of slaves).
Thou shalt have no elohim acherim in My presence. Thou shalt not make unto thee any pesel, or any temunah of any thing that is in Shomayim above, or that is in ha'aretz beneath, or that is in the mayim under ha'aretz. Thou shalt not tishtacheveh to them, nor serve them; for I Hashem Eloheicha am an El kanna, visiting the avon Avot upon the Banim unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate Me; But showing chesed unto thousands of them that love Me, and are shomer over My mitzvot.
Thou shalt not take the Shem Hashem Eloheicha in vain; for Hashem will not hold him guiltless that taketh Shmo in vain.
Remember Yom HaShabbos, to keep it kodesh. Sheshet yamim shalt thou labor, and do all thy work: But the Yom HaShevi'i is the Shabbos of Hashem Eloheicha; in it thou shalt not do any melachah, thou, nor thy ben, nor thy bat, thy eved, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy ger that is within thy gates; For in sheshet yamim Hashem made Shomayim and Ha'Aretz, the yam, and all that in them is, and rested Yom HaShevi'i; for this reason Hashem blessed Yom HaShabbos, and set it apart as kodesh.
Honor thy av and thy em; that thy yamim may be long upon ha'adamah which Hashem Eloheicha giveth thee.
Thou shalt not murder. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not bear ed sheker against thy neighbor.
Thou shalt not covet thy neighborʼs bais, thou shalt not covet thy neighborʼs isha, nor his eved, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is thy neighborʼs.
And kol HaAm saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the sound of the shofar, and HaHar smoking; and when HaAm saw it, they drew back, and stood afar off. And they said unto Moshe, Thou speak with us, and we will hear; but let not Elohim speak with us, lest we die.20:16 see Gn 42:23
And Moshe said unto HaAm, Fear not: for HaElohim is come to test you, and that His fear may be upon your faces, that ye sin not.
[ALEF] I am Hashem Eloheicha, Which brought thee out of Eretz Mitzrayim, from the bais avadim.
[BET] Thou shalt have no elohim acharim before Me. Thou shalt not make thee any pesel, or any temunah of anything that is in Shomayim above, or that is in Ha'Aretz beneath, or that is in the mayim beneath ha'aretz; Lo tishtachaveh (thou shalt not bow down thyself) unto them, nor serve them; for I Hashem Eloheicha am an El Kannah, visiting the iniquity of the avot upon the banim unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate Me, And showing chesed unto thousands of them that love Me and are shomer over My mitzvot.
[GIMEL] Thou shalt not take the Shem of Hashem Eloheicha in vain; for Hashem will not hold him guiltless that taketh Shmo in vain.
[DALET] Keep shomer Shabbos to set Shabbos apart as kodesh as Hashem Eloheicha commanded thee. Sheshet yamim thou shalt labor, and do all thy work: But the Yom HaShevi'i is the Shabbos of Hashem Eloheicha: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy ben, nor thy bat, nor thy eved, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine donkey, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy ger that is within thy she'arim; that thy eved and thy amah may rest as well as thou. And remember that thou wast an eved in Eretz Mitzrayim, and that Hashem Eloheicha brought thee out thence through a yad chazakah and by an outstretched zero'a; therefore Hashem Eloheicha commanded thee to be shomer Shabbos on Yom HaShabbat.
[HEH] Honor thy av and thy em, as Hashem Eloheicha hath commanded thee; that thy yamim may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in ha'adamah which Hashem Eloheicha giveth thee.
[VAV] Lo tirtzah (thou shalt not murder).
[ZAYIN] V'lo tinaf (neither shalt thou commit adultery).
[KHET] V'lo tignov (neither shalt thou steal).
[TET] V'lo ta'aneh v'reacha ed shav (neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbor).
[YOD] V'lo tachmod (neither shalt thou covet, desiring) thy neighborʼs wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighborʼs bais, his sadeh, or his eved, or his amah, his ox, or his donkey, or any thing that is thy neighborʼs.
These devarim Hashem spoke unto all your Kahal in the mountain out of the midst of the eish, of the anan, and of the thick darkness, with a kol gadol; and He added no more. And He wrote them in two luchot of even (stone), and delivered them unto me. And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the choshech, (for the har did burn with eish,) that ye came near unto me, even all your Rashei Shvatim (Heads of Tribes), and your Zekenim (Elders); And ye said, Behold, Hashem Eloheinu hath showed us His kavod and His gadol (greatness), and we have heard His voice out of the midst of the eish; we have seen today that Elohim doth talk with man, and he liveth.
Cómo se numeran los mandamientos
El texto contiene más de diez preceptos, y hay más de una manera de dividirlo en diez mandamientos. La tabla muestra qué número tiene cada pasaje en cada tradición; un guion significa que el pasaje no se cuenta entre los mandamientos, y «pre.» marca el preámbulo: no tiene número propio, pero se considera parte de los Diez Mandamientos.
| Texto | Éxodo | Deuteronomio | Septuaginta | Talmud | Agustín | Filón | Católicos | Luteranos | Reformados |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| «Yo soy JEHOVÁ tu Dios…» | 20:2 | 5:6 | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | pre. |
| «No tendrás dioses ajenos delante de mí» | 20:3 | 5:7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| «No te harás imagen…» | 20:4–6 | 5:8–10 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | 2 |
| «No tomarás el nombre de Jehová tu Dios en vano…» | 20:7 | 5:11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| «Acordarte has del día del reposo…» (en Deuteronomio, «Guardarás el día del reposo…») | 20:8–11 | 5:12–15 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| «Honra á tu padre y á tu madre…» | 20:12 | 5:16 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| «No matarás» | 20:13 | 5:17 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| «No cometerás adulterio» | 20:14 | 5:18 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| «No hurtarás» | 20:15 | 5:19 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| «No hablarás contra tu prójimo falso testimonio…» | 20:16 | 5:20 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
| «No codiciarás la casa de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| «No codiciarás la mujer de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| «…ni su siervo, ni su criada… ni cosa alguna de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
- Septuaginta: la traducción griega del Antiguo Testamento. Su división la siguen hoy la Iglesia ortodoxa y la mayoría de las iglesias protestantes, salvo los luteranos.
- Talmud: en la tradición judía el primer mandamiento es el preámbulo, «Yo soy Jehová tu Dios…».
- San Agustín sigue la tradición judía, pero no cuenta el preámbulo como mandamiento y divide en dos el último mandamiento, «No codiciarás», según el orden de las palabras en Deuteronomio.
- Filón de Alejandría divide el texto como la Septuaginta, pero pone «No matarás» y «No cometerás adulterio» en el orden contrario.
- La Iglesia católica sigue la división de Agustín, pero cuenta el preámbulo como parte del primer mandamiento.
- Los luteranos siguen la división de Agustín sin la prohibición de las imágenes y toman como base el texto de Éxodo.
- Las iglesias reformadas siguen la división de la Septuaginta; se considera que el preámbulo es una parte necesaria de los Diez Mandamientos y siempre se dice junto con ellos.