Los Diez Mandamientos
Los Diez Mandamientos están escritos en el capítulo 20 de Éxodo y en el capítulo 5 de Deuteronomio. El Antiguo Testamento los llama «las palabras de la alianza» (Ex. 34:28) y «las diez palabras» (Ex. 34:28; Dt. 4:13); el Nuevo Testamento los llama «los mandamientos», en griego ἐντολαί (Mt. 19:17; Ro. 13:9). Hoy se los llama a menudo el Decálogo, del griego δέκα λόγοι, «diez palabras».
Los dos textos de los Diez Mandamientos son en esencia iguales, pero dan razones distintas para el mandamiento del día del reposo: en Éxodo se apoya en la creación del mundo, en Deuteronomio, en la liberación de Israel de la esclavitud en Egipto.
En el Nuevo Testamento, Jesús y los apóstoles se refieren a estos mandamientos más de una vez, a todos menos al mandamiento del día del reposo. Hablan sobre todo de cumplirlos por dentro y no solo por fuera, y destacan dos exigencias principales: el amor a Dios y el amor al prójimo.
Éxodo y Deuteronomio
I [am] the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered], which have brought youi out of the land of Mitzrayim [Egypt - The Narrow Place], out of the house of bondage.
youi shall have no other gods before me.
youi shall not make unto youi any graven image, or any likeness [of anything] that [is] in heaven above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the water under the earth:
youi shall not bow down yourself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] [am] El Kana [a jealous God], visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth [generation] of them that hate me;
And showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
youi shall not take the name of the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] in vain; for the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) will not hold him guiltless that takes his name in vain.
Remember the Shabbat [Rest] day, to keep it holy.
Six days shall youi labour, and do all youi work:
But the seventh day [is] the Shabbat [Rest] of the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered]: [in it] youi shall not do any work, youi, nor youi son, nor youi daughter, youi manservant, nor youi maidservant, nor youi cattle, nor youi stranger that [is] within youi gates:
For [in] six days the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them [is], and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) Blessed (Favored by God; happy; prosperous) the Shabbat [Rest] day, and consecrated it.
Honour youi father and youi mother: that youi days may be long upon the land which the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] gives youi.
youi shall not kill.
youi shall not commit adultery.
youi shall not steal.
youi shall not bear false witness against youi neighbour.
youi shall not covet youi neighbour’s house, youi shall not covet youri neighbour’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that [is] youri neighbour’s.
I [am] the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered], which brought youi out of the land of Mitzrayim [Egypt - The Narrow Place], from the house of bondage.
youi shall have none other gods before me.
youi shall not make youi [any] graven image, [or] any likeness [of anything] that [is] in heaven above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the waters beneath the earth:
youi shall not bow down yourself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] [am] a jealous God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered], visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth [generation] of them that hate me,
And showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.
youi shall not take the name of the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] in vain: for the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) will not hold [him] guiltless that takes his name in vain.
Keep the Shabbat [Rest] day to sanctify (make holy; set apart for God’s use) it, as the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] has commanded youi.
Six days youi shall labour, and do all youi work:
But the seventh day [is] the Shabbat [Rest] of the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered]: [in it] youi shall not do any work, youi, nor youi son, nor youi daughter, nor youi manservant, nor youi maidservant, nor youi ox, nor youi ass, nor any of youi cattle, nor youi stranger that [is] within youi gates; that youi manservant and youi maidservant may rest as well as youi.
And remember that youi were a servant in the land of Mitzrayim [Egypt - The Narrow Place], and [that] the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] brought youi out there through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] commanded youi to keep the Shabbat [Rest] day.
Honour youi father and youi mother, as the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] has commanded youi; that youi days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with youi, in the land which the LORD-Yehōvah (Messiah Pre-Incarnate) youi God-Elōhīm (The Living Word) [The Many Powered] gives youi.
youi shall not kill.
Neither shall youi commit adultery.
Neither shall youi steal.
Neither shall youi bear false witness against youi neighbour.
Neither shall youi desire youi neighbour’s wife, neither shall youi covet youi neighbour’s house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any [thing] that [is] youi neighbour’s.
Cómo se numeran los mandamientos
El texto contiene más de diez preceptos, y hay más de una manera de dividirlo en diez mandamientos. La tabla muestra qué número tiene cada pasaje en cada tradición; un guion significa que el pasaje no se cuenta entre los mandamientos, y «pre.» marca el preámbulo: no tiene número propio, pero se considera parte de los Diez Mandamientos.
| Texto | Éxodo | Deuteronomio | Septuaginta | Talmud | Agustín | Filón | Católicos | Luteranos | Reformados |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| «Yo soy JEHOVÁ tu Dios…» | 20:2 | 5:6 | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | pre. |
| «No tendrás dioses ajenos delante de mí» | 20:3 | 5:7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| «No te harás imagen…» | 20:4–6 | 5:8–10 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | 2 |
| «No tomarás el nombre de Jehová tu Dios en vano…» | 20:7 | 5:11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| «Acordarte has del día del reposo…» (en Deuteronomio, «Guardarás el día del reposo…») | 20:8–11 | 5:12–15 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| «Honra á tu padre y á tu madre…» | 20:12 | 5:16 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| «No matarás» | 20:13 | 5:17 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| «No cometerás adulterio» | 20:14 | 5:18 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| «No hurtarás» | 20:15 | 5:19 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| «No hablarás contra tu prójimo falso testimonio…» | 20:16 | 5:20 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
| «No codiciarás la casa de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| «No codiciarás la mujer de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| «…ni su siervo, ni su criada… ni cosa alguna de tu prójimo» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
- Septuaginta: la traducción griega del Antiguo Testamento. Su división la siguen hoy la Iglesia ortodoxa y la mayoría de las iglesias protestantes, salvo los luteranos.
- Talmud: en la tradición judía el primer mandamiento es el preámbulo, «Yo soy Jehová tu Dios…».
- San Agustín sigue la tradición judía, pero no cuenta el preámbulo como mandamiento y divide en dos el último mandamiento, «No codiciarás», según el orden de las palabras en Deuteronomio.
- Filón de Alejandría divide el texto como la Septuaginta, pero pone «No matarás» y «No cometerás adulterio» en el orden contrario.
- La Iglesia católica sigue la división de Agustín, pero cuenta el preámbulo como parte del primer mandamiento.
- Los luteranos siguen la división de Agustín sin la prohibición de las imágenes y toman como base el texto de Éxodo.
- Las iglesias reformadas siguen la división de la Septuaginta; se considera que el preámbulo es una parte necesaria de los Diez Mandamientos y siempre se dice junto con ellos.